Tyres

In 1887 John Boyd Dunlop invented a pneumatic tire.This pmeumatic tire was immediately used by racers as their speed increased a lot. 
In 1891 Édouard Michelin presented the detachable tire. It could be separated from the inner tube and replaced whenever necessary. 

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_tire

Airless mountain bike tyres

More recently, a company is developping its efforts in order to create a mountain biking tire with no inner tube. This way, that's the end of punctures. This new tyre, created by the designer Brian Russell, will allow faster riders and the death of puncture as well.

Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2228235/The-revolutionary-airless-mountain-bike-tyres-puncture-proof-help-faster.html#ixzz2LlwxltGP